Alcoholism in College Students - 1558 Words

Alcohol abuse on college campuses has reached a point where it is far more destructive than most people and today realize and today threatens too many of our youth. -Senator Joe Lieberman Why do college students drink so much? This timeless fad has effected this generation in high percentages since the beginning of college education. Today in America it is estimated that approximately 29% of college students are regular alcohol abusers. Another recent study by the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism performed showed that college students suffered 1,400 deaths, 70,000 date rapes and assaults, and 500,000 injuries each year as a result of alcohol. (McDonald) Although binge drinking (5+ drinks in one sitting) is†¦show more content†¦From this, we can deduce that parental alcoholism is not the only cause of increased alcohol abuse among adolescents. The additional life aspects of having an alcoholic parent are the other reasons adolescents drink. These aspects may include spending less time with one s child and external expressions of alcoholism such as violence or depression, that may cause a child to deal as less as possible with the alcoholi c parent. Alcohol is a huge problem on most college campuses. Twenty-one may be the legal drinking age, but some how college minors find a way to get a hold of alcohol. College students have a tendency to drink more then the general population. A test administered by National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) shows that college students spend approximately $4.2 billion annually an alcohol. This money is spent on 430 gallons of alcoholic beverages, and 4 million cans of beer (Shalala). The type of college, geographical location, and the ethnic and gender makeup plays a role in the amount of drinking that occurs on campus (Shalala). For example colleges with fraternities and sororities have higher statistics, this is because of their sponsored parties. They drink more often, which contributes to heavier drinking. College Students drink more when they are in a group (Shalala). When it comes to drinking on campus there is no legal age soShow MoreRelatedAlcoholism and College Studen ts Essay925 Words   |  4 Pageswhen it comes to college students. The average amount of binge drinkers on college campuses is 50% of men and 39% of women (a href=http://www.oregoncounseling.org/ArticlesPapers/http://www.oregoncounseling.org/ArticlesPapers//a). There are various reasons why students drink and serious short and long term effects on the body and mind. Alcoholism is a serious problem for college students and there are many actions being taken to try to lessen the problem among colleges throughout the countryRead MoreWork Hard, Party Harder: Alcoholism and College Campuses Essay785 Words   |  4 PagesCollege! A great place to build a foundation for the future. A great place for independence, responsibility and maturity. Sure that’s all part of the whole college experience, but what really lurks on campus during the late nights? What happens on Fridays and Saturdays? Are students in their dorms anxiously for Monday to come? Well, all types and ranges of ac tivities come about; from a good game of tennis at the tennis court, to lighting up that mary-jane at the parking lot. I know this may soundRead MoreA Research Study On Prevention1432 Words   |  6 Pagesfurther proving that early indicators of alcoholism may be prevented with the proper training and education. The strategies used in Join Together’s moment include research-based prevention programs, and teacher training specifically for educating parents and students. The sooner kids and teens learn about the indicators of alcoholism the less likely they are to become young adults with alcohol dependency. Join Together also recommends that older students or even young adults help train and educateRead MoreCollege Drinking A Major Problem That Affects The Lives Of Many People1138 Words   |  5 Pages Josh Roy Essay 3 Final College drinking a major problem that affects the lives of many College drinking is a major problem and it affects the lives of students their families and the community. As the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism website notes: â€Å"About four out of five college students drink alcohol. . .† (â€Å"College Drinking†). The Affects of alcohol have impacted the lives of many people. I believe drinking is a problem, and believe that it is a problemRead MoreIts a Party, Its a Party, Its a Party1089 Words   |  5 PagesAlcohol abuse is a major problem on most college campuses in America. Majority of college students might not think it is an enormous problem, but in fact it is: it is among one of the biggest problems that colleges and universities all across America face. For instance, speaking at the Senate Committee of Homeland and Government Affairs, Senator Joe Lieberman of Connecticut stated, â€Å"Alcohol abuse on college campuses has reached a point where it is far more destructive than most people realize andRea d MoreThe Effects Of Alcoholism On The Genetics Of Alcoholism Essay903 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many different evaluation instruments that are used to test for alcoholism, the results are also used to help with the eventually treatment of the person diagnosed with alcoholism. Some of the evaluation tools that are used to detect alcoholism and the severity are the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA), Alcohol use disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), T-ACE, Addiction Severity Index (ASI) and the Substance AbuseRead MoreAlcoholism : A Social Issue Aspect1535 Words   |  7 PagesAlcoholism in a social issue aspect 1. Introduction In todays society there has been a huge controversial issue, on college campuses specifically, about drinking. Administrators, staff, volunteers, and even students have attempted to reduce the amount of usage of the consumption of alcohol or stop it once and for all. Some students’ use drinking in way to cease stress, to promote the feeling in power, or to branch out and socialize, but the outcome of it is not something to be hyped up about.Read MoreAlcoholism Is A Strong Predictor Of Job Loss Amongst Men829 Words   |  4 PagesThe current study seeks to answer a common question about alcoholism and unemployment; specifically, what is the causal factor. Researchers examined whether or not alcoholism caused an individual to lose their job, or if their job caused the individual to drink. Results of the study indicate that alcoholism was a strong predictor of job loss amongst men. The frequency and amount of alcohol consumed were crucial elements during this course of resea rch. The greater the alcohol consumption, theRead MoreThe Dangers Of Alcoholism And Alcoholism1165 Words   |  5 Pagessomeone to drink and how can they overcome alcoholism? Are a person s emotions the motivating factor to suppress depression or hate? Are social groups, peer pressure, or the need to fit in the primary motivator or is it a result from the type of environment the drinker was raised in? Is it possible to overcome alcoholism and live a happy and normal life? Let’s take a look at a few of the factors that could motivate someone to fall victim to alcoholism and the chances of overcoming this dreadfulRead MoreIts a Party, Its a Party, Its a Party1122 Words   |  5 PagesAlcohol abuse is a major problem throughout college campuses in America. The majority of college students may not think it is an enormous problem, but it is. Alcohol abuse is among one of the biggest problems that colleges and universities across America face. Speaking at the Senate Committee of Homeland and Government Affairs, Senator Joe Lieberman of Connecticut stated, â€Å"Alcohol abuse on college campuses has reached a point where it is far more destructive than most people realize and today threatens

The ecology of Pizza Essay - 655 Words

Bill Cunningham English 199 Dr. Walters January 16, 2014 Pizza is a food that Sandra Steingraber associates with happiness. She explains how pizza jogs her memories of birthday parties and sleepovers. However, her goal of writing this piece was not to educate the reader about her love for pizza, but to draw the reader into the piece of writing so she can give support for why organic food is better than conventional. The reader is able to connect with Sandra Steingraber with personal stories about her life and the happiness that pizza has given her. She is able to tell stories of college, becoming a mother, and even feeding her own children pizza. After she tells stories of how the pizza makes her happy, she remembers†¦show more content†¦Further, she starts to say that the biggest difference in the money spent on conventional than organic is milk. She is able to use facts that say that organic makes about nine dollars more than convectional per a hundred pounds. However, she continues by saying there have been studies that explain that conventional way of farming causes miscarriages, low sperm counts, premature birth, and birth defects. While conventional is cheaper than organic, however it saves peoples lives in the long run. She is able to use sources time and time again to support her argument. Mrs. Steingraber would make claims of the differences between wheat flour, olive oil, tomatoes and garlic; the ingredients of pizza. Indeed most of the conventional being cheaper time and time again, but she explains the differences and the way the ingredients are being treated. In conclusion for her argument with why organic is better, she continues to say how she wants to make not only the farming community better, but help save the ozone layer, prevent cancer, and protect drinking water. Her final thought is that the total cost of pizza organic is six dollars and eighty-five cents. While conventional is four dollars and fifty cents, she wants to leave with the thought of would you want to sacrifice your health f or a pizza that is two dollars cheaper? Her strategy of making the point for organic food was very consistentShow MoreRelatedBeautiful Longview Farm899 Words   |  4 Pagesvolunteers mixed soil straight from the farm with clay, sand and water to make cob. Cob is the traditional material used to make ancient outdoor ovens and hearths that were public hubs to share food. Similarly, Longview uses the oven to fire up tasty pizzas and breads. It has quickly become a favorite place for the community to gather around to learn and eat together. In addition to the sprawling fields of growing produce, Longview is home to a variety of heritage breed animalsÍ ¾ bees, goats, sheep, rabbitsRead MoreEssay on Nations Should Promote Localization, Not Globalization1278 Words   |  6 PagesAny American who has traveled abroad has most likely seen a business, restaurant, or factory that reminded them of home while walking the streets of Berlin, Russia, or Tokyo- perhaps Coca-Cola, The Gap, Pizza Hut or Mc Donald’s. While walking further, they may have noticed the amount of people wearing Levis blue jeans and T-shirts, many of which have English logos written on them. The tourist may have then gotten into the car to go back to the hotel or friends house, turned on the radio, only toRead More Land Destruction Essay1522 Words   |  7 Pagestrees serve as homes for animals, thus leaving the animals homeless. This leaves them running around on the cleared land making it look worse from trying to make the make-shift homes for th emselves. Everyday trash is such as paper towels or pizza boxes accumulate in landfills. These landfills keep piling up and piling up, causing a massive amount of waste. â€Å"While waste collected from homes, offices and industries may be recycled or burnt in incinerators, a large amount of rubbish is neitherRead MoreTaking a Look at Fracking1282 Words   |  5 Pagesapologize. The extent of this heart-felt act was to buy 100 pizza and soft drink gift cards for the nearby residents. While the community went into uproar over the insulting offering of peace, Chevron seem to think it went over well saying We appreciate the strong support we have received from nearby residents as we work to respond to this incident in a safe manner. (CNN) An article by Sandra Stiengraber, with a doctorate in ecology, specifying in chemical contamination said, â€Å"Mesothelioma fromRead MoreThe Mcdonald s Business Structure3657 Words   |  15 Pagesthe Chinese market is a key global multinationals to win. On October 13 by the Ministry of Commerce named the 2004 Chinese New catering hundred companies list for several years ranked second McDonald s actually disappeared, including KFC, Pizza Hut and other business Yum is ranked first. According to Beijing Times reported that in the past the McDonald s ranking process always unwilling to disclose their sales, and ultimately only be listed on the list with a ranked list party estimatesRead MorePepsi2172 Words   |  9 Pagesarticle covers Pepsi’s CEO Indra Nooyi, her personal views and her vision and goals for the Pepsi Corporation’s future (Useem, 2008). Taking into consideration the struggles with obesity that the United States faces, Nooyi convinced the company to sell Pizza Hut, KFC and Taco Bell in 1997, acquired the Tropicana company in 1998 and helped engineer a $14 billion takeover of Quaker Oats, maker of Gatorade in 2001 in order to be able to offer healthy alternatives to PepsiCo’s consumers (Useem, 2008). NooyiRead MoreFactory Farming And Its Effects On Our Health2481 Words   |  10 Pagesin the world. Another problem that I noticed was the food we are feeding to the livestock. In the article â€Å" U.S. could feed 800 million people with grain that livestock eat, Cornell ecologist advises animal scientists† David Pimentel, professor of ecology in Cornell University s College of Agriculture and Life Sciences points out more than half of the U.S grain is fed to the livestock which could feed 800 million people ; we can also export the grains which will boost the U.S trade by $80 billionRead MoreThe Smart Car - Case Study Essay2586 Words   |  11 PagesMercedes-Benz unit of Daimler-Benz AG. After several months, Mercedes bought out Swatch’s remaining stake in the venture to leverage its engineering skills and broaden the company’s appeal beyond the luxury segment of the automobile market combining ecology, emotion and intellect within the technologically savvy market scope (Keegan amp; Green, 2011). In 2000 making an additional attempt at differentiation, Wol f-Garten GmbH amp; Company, a German gardening equipment company, took interest in the SmartRead MoreAtestat Coca Cola4315 Words   |  18 Pagesincluding Terre Haute, Indiana.  The can has never been widely released. A new slim and tall can began to appear in Australia on December 20, 2006; it cost AU$1.95. The cans have a resemblance to  energy drink  cans. The cans were commissioned by Dominos Pizza and are available exclusively at their restaurants. In January 2007, Coca-Cola Canada changed Coca-Cola Classic labeling, removing the Classic designation, leaving only Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola stated this is merely a name change and the productRead MoreCaso 07 Hatsune Miku Japanese Virtual Idol Ignites Global Value Co creation8417 Words   |  34 Pagesinterview and general information from case. EXHIBIT 4: HATSUNE MIKU-RELATED BUSINESS ACTIVITIES (PARTIAL LIST) Licensing of Miku’s Name and Image Apparel: Miku t-shirts and other clothing items have been produced by Putumayo, AmiAmi, earth music ecology and COSPA. Figurines: Miku figurines have been produced by Max Factory, Bandai, Tony Taka, Good Smile Company, Polygonia, Replyfrom and Ambivalent. Video Games: SEGA holds the rights to develop and sell Miku-based video games. As of March 2014 SEGA

Korean Informal Relation Based Networks

Question: Is Yongo Important in establishing the Korean Informal Relation-Based Networks? Answer: The presence of informal ties in Korea is unique because the family, school, and regional factors determining their formation. This course has made it possible for me understand the significance of these ties in the country. Yongo, as a critical theme shows that university mates are more important than schoolmates are. Importantly, private relationship forms the foundation of any engagement in this country because nothing can be accomplished without it as explained by Ahlstrom and Bruton (2010). With Yongo, the relationships become a connection established through graduation. The individuals who graduate from the same university or hail from the city, or family are the foundation of the connectedness. I must acknowledge that understanding this relationship concept enhance business negotiation. Whenever a business negotiation begins, it becomes essential to seek information relating to the age, home, and the former university where such an individual graduated. These inquiries ensure the stakeholders define Yongo. In fact, by finding Yongo, it is possible to change the situation completely. Hence, this justifies the significance of Yongo in business interpretation and decision-making process. The foreign conglomerates operating in Korea have to take rational position to avoid sharing information. In fact, most of the Western organizations use memos, yet in Korea, people have to share information with friends (Horak 2014). These people rarely value the aspects of give-and-take game plan as expected in Yongo culture. In this culture, issues or problems are addressed based on relationships between people not the issue itself as they detach such problems from people. Without a doubt, every Korean must embrace and practice Yongo because it stems from university, hometown, and family connections. They work to maintain them. This implies the Korean establish their informal networks based on special institutions. Reference List Ahlstrom, D. Bruton, G.D. (2010) International management: strategy and culture in the emerging world. South-Western Cengage Learning, Australia. Horak, S. (2014) Antecedents and characteristics of informal relation-based networks in Korea: Yongo, Yonjul and Inmaek, Asia Pacific Business Review, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 78-108. (Available at https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2013.791567)

Submarine Escape Procedures Essay Example

Submarine Escape Procedures Essay Michael Menor Professor Cady English 151 25 February 2013 Submarine Escape Procedures There are many catastrophes that can affect the operation of a submarine; fire and flooding can crimple a submarine completely if either is not resolved quickly. Submariners are trained to combat all forms of fire and flooding in different scenarios that are closely monitored in Submarine School. As a last resort, sailors are also trained in submarine escape in the very rare occasion that they must escape from the ship. Submarine escape is only effective at depths less than 600 feet; escape any greater depth would be impossible. Michael Menor deployed with two nuclear fast-attack submarines; the USS Santa Fe and the USS Albuquerque; during his four and a half year enlistment in the United States Navy. He is well versed in submarine escape and hopes that this will give you an understanding on how to escape from the depths of the sea. Every ship is equipped with two escape trunks, or hatches as some may call it; one forward and aft, both of which have similar dimensions and operation procedures. We will write a custom essay sample on Submarine Escape Procedures specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Submarine Escape Procedures specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Submarine Escape Procedures specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Each trunk is able to hold two escape personnel. The Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment; also known as a SEIE Suit; is a last resort option if a Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle, or DSRV is unable to save personnel from a disabled submarine. The suit is a single piece construction capable of controlling pressure to prevent decompression sickness, or â€Å"the bends†, which is a side effect of rapidly ascending from ocean depths. Each suit is also equipped with a life boat that is contained within a pouch attached to the left hip. Familiarity with the escape hatch valves is not required; all operations are handled by personnel from within the ship. For the purposes of this procedure we will call these personnel â€Å"Supervisors,† since they are usually experienced supervisory personnel with the knowledge of operating the escape hatch. Depending on where the casualty, is you will always want to choose the escape trunk that is not in the affected compartment. Whether it is flooding in the forward compartment; your escape will be in the aft escape trunk in the Engine Room. The same pplies to a casualty in the aft compartment; your escape will be via the forward escape trunk. During this procedure you will be performing all actions from within the forward escape trunk. On the rare occasion that submarine personnel are not able to stop flooding in the engine room that leaves the ship sinking into the depths, and laid to rest on a sea shelf 500 feet below the surface. You will then need to don a SEIE suit by placing both feet into the suit and taking the zipper, which is placed on the outer side of the left leg and pulling this up until it is at your belly button. As you would put on a coat; place both arms into each sleeve equipped with rubber gloves and flip the hood onto your head. You must then pull on the zipper, which continues upwards centered on your chest, and up to the hood. One common issue that can occur is the zipper getting stuck, or feeling as if it will not budge—remember that it was designed to keep water out of the suit—if this happens you will need to request the assistance of someone else. Now that you have the suit on you will need to make your way to the escape hatch ladder and climb into the 6 foot cylindrical space, which is only designed to hold two escape personnel; the two of you will be standing directly across from each other with your backs against the bulkhead. There is a charging hose attached to the left arm of your suit, attach this hose to the charging manifold on the bulkhead (wall) located to your left; the charging hose will inflate your suit to create a bubble barrier between you and the outside pressures of the ocean. Remember this is your source of oxygen, so continuing to keep the charging hose connected during your time in the escape hatch is crucial. As your suits are being charged please keep your feet away from the lower hatch as the Supervisors begin close and seal it. Once it is confirmed sealed a rush of water will begin to flood the hatch. Due to the buoyancy of your inflated suit you will begin to float; do not let this happen. To prevent this there is a handle to your right that you will be able to use to maintain your grip and keep you anchored safely. Supervisors will then pressurize the hatch to match the outside pressure outside of the hull. The first person that entered hatch will be the first one to escape; once the hatch is clear the second person will wait 30 seconds and follow to prevent getting entangled with one another. Since you are the lucky one to enter first, you will get to escape first. Supervisors will open the upper hatch; continue to maintain your grip until the upper hatch has reached its fully opened and locked position. Supervisors will use a wrench or hammer to knock on the lower hatch three times. This will give you the signal that the upper hatch is clear and you can escape. Release your grip from both the handle and the charging manifold. Allow the suit to take over as its positive buoyancy lifts you out of the hatch and upwards to the surface. The suit is designed to maintain proper atmospheric pressure for your safety during the ascent; as you will be traveling about 30 feet per second. Upon reaching the surface ensure that you are floating on your back, while in this position you need to reach into the pouch on your left hip and remove the life raft; pull on the yellow handle and allow the raft to self-inflate. Once inflated pull yourself onto the raft; during this time you can unzip the hood of your suit. The raft comes equipped with a drogue, water desalination kit, and equipment such as smoke signals, and flares to assist with your rescue. Congratulations on your successful escape; now you will wait for rescue personnel to find you and the others from your ship. At the surface it is highly recommended to regroup with other personnel from the ship and tie your rafts together. This will create a larger object for rescuers to spot during their search.

French Words for Kisses

French Words for Kisses French has a number of different words for kiss, which, though not surprising for such a romantic language, can be confusing for French learners. The most common terms are bise and bisou, and while they are both informal with similar meanings and uses, theyre not exactly the same. Une bise is a kiss on the cheek, a gesture of friendship exchanged while saying hello and good-bye. Its not romantic, so it can be used between friends and acquaintances of any gender combination, particularly two women and a woman and man. Two men are likely to say/write it only if they are family or very close friends. Bise is most commonly found in the expression faire la bise. In the plural, bises is used when saying good-bye (e.g., Au revoir et bises tous) and at the end of a personal letter: Bises, Grosses bises, Bises ensoleillà ©es (from a friend in a sunny place), etc. Again, bises is platonic. It does not mean that the letter writer is trying to take your relationship to the next level; its basically shorthand for saying good-bye with the classic French cheek/air kiss: je te fais la bise. Familiar spelling variation: biz Un bisou is a warmer, more playful, and more familiar version of bise. It can refer to a kiss on the cheek or on the lips, so may be used when talking to lovers and platonic friends. Bisous can say good-bye to a good friend (A demain! Bisous toute la famille) as well at the end of a letter: Bisous, Gros bisous, Bisous aux enfants, etc. When saying good-bye on the phone, friends sometimes repeat it several times: Bisous, bisous, bisous! Bisous, tchao, bisous! Familiar abbreviation: bx More French Kisses Nouns un baiser - kissun bà ©cot (informal) - kiss, peckun patin (informal) - French kiss, kiss with tonguesune pelle (informal) - French kissun smack - noisy kiss Verbs bà ©coter (informal) - to kiss, smoochbiser - to kissdonner un baiser - to kissembrasser - to kissenvoyer un baiser - to blow a kissenvoyer un smack - to give a noisy kissfaire une bise/un bisou - to kiss (usually on the cheek)rouler un patin - to French kissrouler une pelle - to French kisssucer la poire/pomme - to kiss passionately, neck Warning: As a noun its perfectly acceptable, and its ok to say baiser la main, but otherwise, do not use baiser as a verb! Though it originally meant to kiss, it is now an informal way to say to have sex. Other Kisses le bouchebouche - kiss of lifele coup fatal - kiss of deathdivulguer des secrets dalcà ´ve - to kiss and tellfaire de la là ¨che (familiar) - to kiss upfaire la paix - to kiss and make upfaire un croix dessus (informal) - to kiss something good-byeplaquer - to give a boyfriend/girlfriend the kiss-offraconter ses secrets dalcà ´ve - to kiss and tellvirer - to give an employee the kiss-off

Add a Print Button or Link to Your Web Page

Add a Print Button or Link to Your Web Page CSS (cascading style sheets) give you considerable control over how content on your web pages is displayed on the screen. This control extends to other media as well, such as when the web page is printed. You may be wondering why you would want to add a print feature to your web page; after all, most people already know or can easily figure out how to print a web page using their browsers menus. But there are situations where adding a print button or link to a page will not only make the process easier for your users when they need to print out a page but, perhaps even more importantly, give you more control over how those printouts will appear on paper. Heres how to add either print buttons or print links on your pages, and how to define which pieces of your page content will be printed and which will not. Adding a Print Button You can easily add a print button to your web page by adding the  following code to your HTML document where you want the button to appear: onclickwindow.print();return false; / The button will be labeled as  Print this page  when it appears on the web page. You can customize this text to whatever you like by changing the text between the quotation marks following value in the code above. Note that there is a single blank space preceding the text and following it; this improves the appearance of the button by inserting some space between the ends of the text and the edges of the button displayed. Adding a Print Link Its even easier to add a simple print link to your web page. Just insert the following code into your HTML document where you want the link to appear: print You can customize the link text by changing print to whatever you choose. Making Specific Sections Printable You can set up the ability for users to print specific parts of your web page using a print button or link. You can do this by adding a print.css file to your site, calling it in the head of your HTML document and then  defining those sections you want to make easily printable by defining a class.   First, add the following code to the head section of your HTML document: typetext/css mediaprint / Next, create a file named print.css. In this file, add the following code: body {visibility:hidden;}.print {visibility:visible;} This code defines all elements in the body as hidden when being printed unless the element has the print class assigned to it. Now, all you need to do is to assign the print class to the elements  of your web page that you want to be printable. For example, to make a section defined in a div element printable, you would use Anything else  on the page that is not assigned to this class will not print.

Argument and Persuasion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Argument and Persuasion - Essay Example This treatment is not acceptable in society to a greater extent. Only few reforms are laid down to help this category of children and a few has gained success but much is to be done to support this category of children. The question arises what made this category of children so vulnerable to exploitation and sufferings. It is common observation that poor nutritional uptake and lack of hygienic living conditions are pushing them to sufferings and ill-health. Therefore it is essential that policies must be laid down to uplift this category of children. They must encompass: 2. Proper hygienic environment: it is imperative that proper hygienic condition must be provided to these children so that they can have good health. For this, basic education must be given to keep themselves and their surroundings clean. 3. Education of parents: to make the future of the children parents play the crucial role. It is vital to educate the parents and make them aware about the health and hygiene and to keep themselves clean and keep the surroundings clean, not to let the water stagnate near their houses to avoid various diseases. This will not only keep them healthy but also enable them to save their money which would otherwise be wasted in hospital and medicines if they fall sick. 4. Education of children: it is the prime right of the citizen of any country to get good education and be the part of educated and literate population.

What implications does the non-ratification of the European Essay

What implications does the non-ratification of the European Constitution have for the future development of the EU - Essay Example As of February 2007, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Romania, Slovenia and Spain have ratified this treaty. The referenda in Spain and Luxembourg showed that such a constitution was agreeable to most of the people. Moreover, countries like Finland, Germany and Slovakia had made all the necessary preparations for its ratification. The National legislation of the Member States has to be amended in order to ratify the European Constitution. Referenda of citizens’ opinions play an important role in this process of ratification of the European Constitution. The European Constitution cannot be implemented until and unless all the Member States ratify it. Implementation of the Constitutional Treaty requires the consent of all the Member States of the European Union. The Constitutional Treaty will not be enforced even if one Member State refuses to accept it. This has been termed as the vetoing of the Constitution. While the Constitutional Treaty was made the subject of national referenda quite some debate transpired in respect of national interests. The fact that such a constitution would prove to be of advantage to both the Union and its Member States was not debated (Shaw, 2005). The future of Europe has been discussed since the time that the European Council had undertaken a Declaration on the future of the European Union in the year 2001. This was subsequent to the Treaty of Nice 2000, which had projected the Union as being more democratic, transparent and effective. This Declaration known as the Laeken Declaration proposed the adoption of a Constitution for Europe. It was also agreed to form a Convention comprising of representatives from the governments and parliaments of the Member States. In this manner the foundation for a Constitutional Treaty for Europe was in Rome in the year 2004 and it was approved by the Heads of State and government of the Member States. In order

Euro Crisis Essay Example for Free

Euro Crisis Essay The ability of Euro zone countries (countries in Europe that use the common currency called the Euro) to borrow in a common currency poses free-rider problems because there may be an incentive to bailout countries that borrow excessively. How does the original design of the Euro attempt to address this incentive to over-borrow by some countries? The free rider problem refers to when someone is capturing the full benefit of an action while shifting the cost to others. The free-rider problem built into the euro lies into the fiscal structure, since the countries were fiscally undisciplined and also governments were gaining political gain running deficits supported by their euro partner nations. Over borrowing occurred due to the incentive of governments to borrow in a common currency; to address this issue the original design had to solutions. One was the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) which limited budget deficit to up to 3% of GDP and 60% of stock of public debt, aiming to ensure fiscal discipline; where if a member state was in an excessive deficit situation then the council could impose sanctions. The Second rule is a â€Å"no bailout† clause stating that community shall not be liable for the debt of governments (with some exceptions) The original design of the euro sought to address the over-borrowing. Why were the measures in the original Euro design insufficient in preventing the Euro sovereign debt problems? First it is important to point out that the sovereign debt crisis is significantly tied to the banking crisis and macroeconomic crisis through the entire euro area. The original measure was insufficient because in a way these measures actually worsen the crisis. The sovereign debt crisis can be divided in three phases: pre-crisis period, the financial and sovereign debt crisis and post-crisis recovery. The initial design affected the pre-crisis since in reality it increased fiscal risk due to the increased in the current account imbalances across the euro area and also the dispersion in credit boom, housing prices and sectorial debt levels. Then, during the crisis 2007-2008 the original design actually augmented the fiscal impact since the global financial shock had diverse impacts across the euro area and policies were focus on European Central Bank to address the financial shock, not accounting these policies prompted a worse euro sovereign debt crisis (Especially countries with macro-imbalances). Thirdly, the original measures slowed down the post-crisis recovery period because the stated estrictions of deficit and debt made the recovery stretched, along with the poor political management of countries’ institutions to solve factors involving the crisis. What are the new reforms to address sovereign debt concerns? What makes the new measures superior to the original ones? The new reforms to address the sovereign debt is compounded on a treaty called â€Å" Fiscal Compact Treaty† which requires new fiscal principles to be pose in each country (Jan 2013). These fiscal reforms are based on two principles: a void high public debt since it’s a threat to fiscal stability. Second, the fiscal balance has to be close to zero. The improvement is a structural budget balance less than 1% of GDP when debt is below 60%. Also the country that has higher public debt (off the limit) will have to correct the issue with a timeline. Though this reform is a little more efficient than the original, it still has major implementation problems since it requires adjustments on forecast errors for the structural budget balance. Also it’s difficult to accurately trust the ability of governments to identify and tackle down excessive imbalances.

Conflict and Tension Between The Proctors in The Crucible Essay

How Does Millar Create a Sense of Tension and Conflict Between John and Elizabeth Proctor at the Beginning of Act 2? Arthur Miller was borne on the 17th of October 1915 in New York City. Miller believed that tragedy was not confined to the rich and important but that the ordinary man’s failure was just as moving and terrible. The play ‘The Crucible’ was first produced in 1953 in the middle of the McCarthy political witch hunt in America. Millar decided to write the play as an allegorical text and a parallel between the two events. The activities of the committee began to be linked in Miller’s mind with witchcraft trials which had taken place in the town of Salem 2 centuries before, for example, the committee often had in its possessions lists of people at various meetings, and yet it still wanted the witnesses to name names. Miller saw these public confessions as parallels wth the naming of names in 1962. Since 1938 an organization called the Un-American Activities Committee had been in existence in America. This had the power to investigate any movement or person who apparently posed a threat to the safety of the state. Under the chairmanship of Senator Joseph McCarthy the committee became almost paranoid in the searching out of the communist sympathisers amongst the American people in the late 1940’s and early 1950’s. There are a lot of ways in which Arthur Miller develops John Proctor's character during the play. Miller uses The Crucible to express his own views on what was happening in America at the time when McCarthyism was at a prominence. He uses John Proctor as he is interested in the person who doesn't allow himself to be caught up in hysteria but thinks for himself and stands up for his values agai... ...n the play. In conclusion I think that the stage directions and dramatic irony are significant to the play, and without them there would be no need for a lot of the events that happen in the play. I believe that Abigail is a key figure in the play, and the cause of many of the conflict and tension throughout the play. Without her yearning, and need and willingness to do anything for John Proctors love, and her lies and allegations there would be no need for a lot of the play. Without Abigail there would not have been any level of affair and there would be no tension or love loss between John and Elizabeth Proctor. Concerning the Proctors, in my opinion they always did and always would have loved one another, and if it where not for Elizabeth’s honesty, John may have lived and the two of them may have gone on loving one another for the rest of their days.

Crically Evaluate the Claim That Infants Have an Innate Knowledge of Object Properties. Use Evidence to Support Your Argument

Critically evaluate the claim that infants have an innate knowledge of object properties. Use evidence to support your arguments. Object properties have been systematically associated with the Piagetian approach of cognitive development and in particular the sensorimotor period. Until the 1970’s, Piaget’s influential stance that knowledge of object properties is only learned from around nine months old had not been questioned.However, due to more contemporary studies there have been claims that not only do younger infants exhibit behaviours suggesting that Piaget’s assumptions may underestimate cognitive abilities but some studies have controversially suggested that newborns have shown to have a certain amount of innate knowledge. This has lead to claims that there are some innate or core cognitive abilities for dealing with object properties, in contrast to Piaget’s view that ‘humans do not start out as cognitive beings’ (Berk, 2009).It is im portant to state the significance of grasping the notion of object properties because according to Piaget this represents the start of symbolic thought or mental representation – an expression of intellectual behaviour (Davies & Houghton, 1991). However, this claim is a subject of dispute for investigators, who disagree on the degree of this inbuilt knowledge. This essay shall be using relevant research to critically evaluate the claim that infants have an innate knowledge of object properties, concentrating on the notion of object permanence.Piaget theorised that knowledge of object permanence does not begin until the coordination of secondary circular reaction substage of sensorimotor period. He provided evidence for his assumptions, such as obscuring an object from an infant using a hand and seeing whether the child would reach for the object. Piaget concluded that the lack of searching by the infant implied a lack of object permanence, but Bower (1971) criticised Piagetâ €™s use of search tasks because infants could be lacking the performance ability for reaching rather than competence to understand object permanence.Therefore, studies were conducted using visual methods, whereby the infants’ looking was used to measure object permanence (Bower et al, 1971, 1972) to address the flaw in Piaget’s method by bypassing the need for the infant to perform the reach. Bower (1971) conducted a study showing infants a moving object disappearing behind a screen, and the results suggest infants from four to six months old show evidence of object permanence and as early as eight weeks old in a few participants, thus strongly contradicting Piaget’s assumptions.In addition to this visual method, Baillargeon (1985; 1987) used habituation as it is concluded that infants spend longer looking at new stimuli, therefore infants are familiarised with it. Baillargeon and DeVos (1991) habituated infants to a small carrot, then a tall carrot moving s ide to side behind a screen, alternately. Violation-of-expectation test trials were conducted, whereby the screen that had previously hidden the carrots changed in colour and included a window. The infants were shown the small carrot trial which follows physical laws, and were then shown the tall carrot trial which violates physical laws.Results showed that infants as young as two and a half months looked longer at the tall carrot event than the short carrot event, suggesting that younger infants have some understanding of object properties. However, there have been criticisms of both the habituation technique and the violation-of-expectation-method. Bogartz (2000) is suspicious of the use of the habituation technique as he states that infants will react with interest to any novel stimuli. He also criticised the way the results were analysed separately, suggesting they should have been analysed together.Further, the violation-of-expectation method has been labelled as only measuring some sort of implicit understanding of object properties rather than the fully-conscious understanding that Piaget was referring to in his theory (Berk, 2009). Nevertheless, Baillargeon insists that the consistent findings from this and other studies use essential controls that aren’t included in opposing studies (Bogartz, Shinskey & Schilling, 2000), and also uphold that the findings can be generalised to lots of object related unexpected events (Berk, 2009).Interestingly though, some researchers do not halt at the suggestion that Piaget underestimated younger infants cognitive abilities, but instead refute Piaget’s assumption that ‘humans do not start out as cognitive beings’ (Berk, 2009) and in fact have some innate cognitive abilities. There have been suggestions that knowledge of object properties depends on visual information relating to perceptual abilities of the infant, addressed in a study by Valenza, Zulian and Leo (2005). They tested infantsâ €™ ability to recognise a correspondence between one version of a simple shape with another.Results showed infants recognised a correspondence more between a partly occluded shape and a non occluded shape than a non occluded shape and an unoccluded shape with a gap, implying that there may be some innate ability. The importance of the simplicity of the shapes used in Valenza et al’s study (2005) had been addressed by other researchers such as Kellman and Spelke (1983) who stated that the type of visual information used by younger infants differs from the visual information used by older children, therefore implying that there may be different thresholds of information needed for different ages (Johnson, 1995).A study was conducted using a rod and box display with additional motion cues on two and four month olds. Despite the first experiment showing that infants at two months old held no preference for the disjointed rod, when the proportion of the box occluding the rods was decreased the two month olds showed a preference for the broken rod display over the complete rod display, therefore suggesting that there may be an innate low level representation of object properties (Kellman & Spelke, 1983).This and further studies (Kamawata et al, 1999) lent support to Johnson’s (1995) threshold model where visual information must match the perceptual abilities of infants in order to show knowledge of continuous object properties along with attending abilities. However, some researchers take on a more reserved view, giving potential alternative explanations for the innate knowledge of object properties.For example, following on from certain studies using darkness to hide objects resulting in evidence that infants search in the darkness earlier than they search for objects hidden by an occluder (Bowers and Wishart, 1972), Shinskey and Munakata (2003) conducted a study comparing the two conditions. Infants were given toy and no-toy trials in both the da rkness and the occluder (a cloth) conditions. Results support the notion that infants are ore sensitive to searching for objects in darkness compared to objects hidden by an occluder. Researchers gave three potential explanations for this dissociation. Firstly, a means-end explanation was given, stating that they simply searched more in the dark because they don’t have the physical ability to retrieve the occluder, lending support to Piaget’s concept that the ability to problem-solve lays with means-end action sequences (Berk, 2009).Secondly, graded representations may explain why infants’ representations can resist an interference of darkness to allow reaching but the interference may be too severe when an object is occluded. The results also introduced the notion of interruption of a plan to reach for the object due to a one second delay before the infants’ arms were released which may have led to less searching on occluder trials (in addition to anothe r object in the way).The researchers seemed to conclude that this study has supported the concept of a genuine sensitivity to objects hidden in darkness and that the origin of this dissociation between an occluder and darkness lies with the complications of retrieval. However, another potential explanation could be linked to Piaget’s observation that when one object is placed on top of another the infant cannot distinguish one from the other, leading back to idea that it can be representatively complicated.On the whole, a large section of the research on knowledge of object properties conflict with Piaget’s assumptions. Findings show his theory underestimates the abilities of infants (Bower, 1971; 1972; Baillargeon, 1985; 1987; 1991), and although these studies are not free from criticisms (Bogartz, 2000), support of these findings is abundant, along with some controversial findings which suggest low level innate knowledge of object properties.Valanza, et al (2005) stu dy was supported by others (Kellman & Spelke, 1983; Kamawata et al, 1999) and the threshold model was proposed (Johnson, 1995). Nevertheless, other studies showing dissociations between abilities of searching for objects using darkness and occluders are less willing to settle for the explanation of innate knowledge and provide alternatives, including a means-end explanation, the notion of graded representations and interestingly the concept of interruption of a plan (Shinskey & Munakata, 2003).In conclusion, while there is convincing evidence that Piaget strongly underestimated the abilities of younger infants, the claim that infants have an innate knowledge of object properties remains questionable, as although evidence for it introduces some potentially interesting advances, there is simply not enough known, specifically into where the complications of the knowledge lies and if this were ascertained then a greater understanding could be reached. References Berk, L. E. (2006). Chil d Development (7th ed. . Needham Heights: Allyn & Bacon Davies, R. & Houghton, P. (1991). Mastering Psychology, The MacMillan Press Ltd: London Kellman, P. J. & Spelke, E. R. (1983). Perception of partly occluded objects in infancy. Cognitive Psychology, 15, 483-524. Shinskey, J. L. , & Munakata, Y. (2003). Are infants in the dark about hidden objects? Developmental Science, 6(3), 273-282. Valenza, E. , Zulian, L. , & Leo, I. (2005). The role of perceptual skills in newborns' perception of partly occluded objects. Infancy, 8(1), 1-20.

Non Conventional Machine

Module 9 Non-conventional machining Version 2 ME, IIT Kharagpur Lesson 36 Ultrasonic Machining (USM) Version 2 ME, IIT Kharagpur Instructional Objectives i. ii. iii. iv. Describe the basic mechanism of material removal in USM Identify the process parameters of USM Identify the machining characteristics of USM Analyse the effect of process parameters on material removal rate (MRR) v. Develop mathematical model relating MRR with USM parameters vi. Draw variation in MRR with different process parameters vii. Identify major components of USM equipment viii. State the working principle of USM equipment ix.Draw schematically the USM equipment x. List three applications of USM xi. List three limitations of USM 1. Introduction Ultrasonic machining is a non-traditional machining process. USM is grouped under the mechanical group NTM processes. Fig. 9. 2. 1 briefly depicts the USM process. Force, F Slurry of abrasive and water Horn Vibration frequency f ~ 19 – 25 kHz Amplitude, a ~ 10 à ¢â‚¬â€œ 50 ? m Tool Work Fig. 9. 2. 1 The USM process In ultrasonic machining, a tool of desired shape vibrates at an ultrasonic frequency (19 ~ 25 kHz) with an amplitude of around 15 – 50 ? over the workpiece. Generally the tool is pressed downward with a feed force, F. Between the tool and workpiece, the machining zone is flooded with hard abrasive particles generally in the form of a water based slurry. As the tool vibrates over the workpiece, the abrasive particles act as the indenters and indent both the work material and the tool. The abrasive particles, as they indent, the work material, would remove the same, particularly if the work material is brittle, due to crack initiation, propagation and brittle fracture of the Version 2 ME, IIT Kharagpur aterial. Hence, USM is mainly used for machining brittle materials {which are poor conductors of electricity and thus cannot be processed by Electrochemical and Electro-discharge machining (ECM and ED)}. 2. Mechanisms of Mater ial Removal in USM and its modelling As has been mentioned earlier, USM is generally used for machining brittle work material. Material removal primarily occurs due to the indentation of the hard abrasive grits on the brittle work material. As the tool vibrates, it leads to indentation of the abrasive grits.During indentation, due to Hertzian contact stresses, cracks would develop just below the contact site, then as indentation progresses the cracks would propagate due to increase in stress and ultimately lead to brittle fracture of the work material under each individual interaction site between the abrasive grits and the workpiece. The tool material should be such that indentation by the abrasive grits does not lead to brittle failure. Thus the tools are made of tough, strong and ductile materials like steel, stainless steel and other ductile metallic alloys.Other than this brittle failure of the work material due to indentation some material removal may occur due to free flowing impact of the abrasives against the work material and related solid-solid impact erosion, but it is estimated to be rather insignificant. Thus, in the current model, material removal would be assumed to take place only due to impact of abrasives between tool and workpiece, followed by indentation and brittle fracture of the workpiece. The model does consider the deformation of the tool.In the current model, all the abrasives are considered to be identical in shape and size. An abrasive particle is considered to be spherical but with local spherical bulges as shown in Fig. 9. 2. 2. The abrasive particles are characterised by the average grit diameter, dg. It is further assumed that the local spherical bulges have a uniform diameter, db and which is related to the grit diameter by db = ? dg2. Thus an abrasive is characterised by ? and dg. db db db db dg Fig. 9. 2. 2 Schematic representation of abrasive grit Version 2 ME, IIT KharagpurDuring indentation by the abrasive grit onto the w orkpiece and the tool, the local spherical bulges contact the surfaces and the indentation process is characterised by db rather than by dg. Fig. 9. 2. 3 shows the interaction between the abrasive grit and the workpiece and tool. Tool db abrasive grit db Work A B db 2x C D ?w Hemispherical material removed due to brittle Fig. 9. 2. 3 Interaction between grit and workpiece and tool As the indentation proceeds, the contact zone between the abrasive grit and workpiece is established and the same grows.The contact zone is circular in nature and is characterised by its diameter ‘2x’. At full indentation, the indentation depth in the work material is characterised by ? w. Due to the indentation, as the work material is brittle, brittle fracture takes place leading to hemi-spherical fracture of diameter ‘2x’ under the contact zone. Therefore material removal per abrasive grit is given as 2 ? w = ? x 3 3 Now from Fig. 9. 2. 3 AB 2 = AC 2 + BC 2 ? db ? ?d ? ? ? = ? b ? ? w ? + x2 ? 2 ? ? 2 ? 2 x = db? w neglecting ? w2 as ? w

History of Astronomy - Rise of Modern in 20th Century

History of Astronomy - Rise of Modern in 20th Century Tycho Brahe has often been called the Father of modern astronomy, and for good reasons. However, I think that title really belongs to Galileo Galilei for his pioneering use of the telescope to magnify the view of the sky. However, Brahe did advance the science more than anyone in the past, simply by using his senses, rather than philosophy to study the sky. The work that Brahe began was continued and expanded by his assistant, Johannes Kepler, whose laws of planetary motion are among the foundations of modern astronomy. There are many other astronomers since Galileo, Brahe, and Kepler who have advanced the science:  Here, in brief, are some of the other bright lights who helped bring astronomy to its current place. Edmund Halley (1656-1742) was a British astronomer who was also a big fan of Sir Isaac Newton. After encouraging Newton to write his Principia, Halley then published it at his own expense. Not stopping to rest on the fame of another, he went on to calculate the orbits of comets, including the one named after him.Sir William Herschel (1738-1822), though born in Germany, was a British astronomer. He discovered Uranus in 1781 coined the word asteroids. He also cataloged about 2,000 nebulae, discovered several satellites of Uranus and Saturn, studied the rotation of planets. Discovered and studied binary stars. He discovered two satellites each orbiting Uranus and Saturn. He studied the rotation period of many planets, the motion of double stars, and nebulae. He cataloged more than 800 double stars and contributed new information on the constitution of nebulae. Herschel was the first to propose that these nebulae were composed of stars. He is considered the founder of sidereal astronomy. Albert Einstein (1879-1955) was a German-born American physicist and Nobel laureate. He may be the most well-known scientist of the 20th century. In 1915, he developed his general theory of relativity, which states that the speed of light is constant and that the curvature of space and the passage of time are linked to gravity. Thinking the universe was unchanging, he inserted a  cosmological constant fudge factor  into his calculations to make them fit his viewpoint.Willem de Sitter: (1872 - 1934), a Dutch astronomer, removed Einsteins cosmological constant from his calculations and used the theory of relativity to show that the universe may always be expanding.Georges-Henri Lemaitre: (1894 - 1966) was not only a Belgian astronomer, he was also a Jesuit priest. Discovering the writings of Russian mathematician, Alexander Friedmann, Lemaitre took his solution for an expanding universe and theorized that if the universe is expanding, if we follow it back to the starting point, the n our universe began as a great cosmic egg which exploded and expanded outward. Lemaitre is often referred to as the father of the Big Bang theory. Edwin P Hubble (1889-1953), American Astronomer. In the 1920s, Albert Einstein stated, I have made my greatest blunder. This pronouncement came when Hubble  demonstrated that the universe was not static and Einsteins cosmological constant was not necessary. Utilizing improved telescopic devices, he was also able to confirm that those fuzzy objects astronomers had seen for years were in fact other galaxies.Thomas Gold (1920 - 2004) was an American astronomer. Though it is generally believed that Golds steady state theory of the universe is incorrect, he made many major contributions to our knowledge of the universe, including the nature of pulsars as rotating neutron stars, and the origin of planetary hydrocarbons. These are just a few of the astronomers and their findings in the pre- and early 20th century history of astronomy. There have been and are many other great brains in the field of astronomy, but its time to get away from history for now. Well meet some of these other astronomers throughout the rest of our lessons. Next, well look at numbers. Fourth Lesson Big Numbers Lesson 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Five Terms Related to Submitting a Manuscript

Five Terms Related to Submitting a Manuscript Five Terms Related to Submitting a Manuscript Five Terms Related to Submitting a Manuscript By Maeve Maddox A reader asks about some terms: I’m confused: Whats the difference between Submissions and Query Letters and Cover Letters and Biographies and Resumà ©s? As these terms are often used interchangeably on writing sites, the reader’s confusion is understandable. Perhaps the following explanations can help. 1. Query Letter A query letter is a one-page letter intended to interest an editor in something a writer has written or intends to write. It should address the editor by name (spelled correctly) and begin with a hook: a strong statement that piques the editor’s interest. If the query is about a magazine article, the hook might be the first paragraph of the article. The query should give the editor an idea of the structure and content of the piece being offered. If the offered work is a novel, the letter should include a description of the main theme and story line, including conflict and resolution (how it ends). A query letter should tell why the author is qualified to write the article or book and end with a direct request for the desired magazine assignment or for permission to send a manuscript. 2. Cover Letter When the editor asks to see a manuscript or sample pages, the writer includes a cover letter with the submission: a brief letter to accompany the manuscript or sample. Editors receive hundreds of queries. The cover letter is a practical and courteous way to remind the editor of the particulars of your initial query. Keep it short and don’t try to do any additional selling. It’s enough to say something like this: â€Å"Here’s the short story I queried you about on March 20, 2016. I look forward to hearing from you.† 3. Author’s Bio The shortening bio for biography is the norm in the context of marketing written material. The bio focuses on the writer’s credentials. Publishers want to know if the writer has published before and is qualified to write about the material being offered. They do not want to know about the writer’s dogs, cats, children, hobbies, or any other irrelevancies. 4. Resumà © A resumà © is a brief account of ones education and professional experience. Some of the same information that belongs in a resumà © can also have a place in an author’s bio, but a resumà © will be more comprehensive regarding past employment. A writer who is applying for a job as an editor or a blogger will certainly offer a resumà © to the potential employer. Note: Although the French original is spelled with two accent marks (rà ©Ã‚ ·su ·mà ©) American spelling recognizes both resume and resumà ©. I favor a single accent for two reasons: the first accent is meaningless to most English speakers, but the final accent mark distinguishes the noun and its pronunciation from the verb resume.   For example: â€Å"I started writing my resumà © today, but was interrupted. I’ll resume work on it in the morning.† 5. Submission When an editor asks to see a partial or completed manuscript, the writer prepares a submission that includes a manuscript (partial or complete) and whatever additional material has been requested by an editor or publisher. Before preparing a submission, the writer will consult the publisher’s guidelines to see how the manuscript should be formatted, how it should be sent (by mail or electronically), and what additional enclosures are wanted. The manuscript included in a submission should be as complete and as correct as the writer can make it. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Program vs. ProgrammeEnglish Grammar 101: Verb MoodEspecially vs. Specially

Technology Versus Humanity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Technology Versus Humanity - Research Paper Example It was the period when electronics were missing portability. This breakthrough opened horizons for the music industry and was a revolutionary product. This trend is reminiscent of the revolution the iPod bought to the entertainment industry. It was the time when computers or digital content of any type was almost nonexistent for everyday consumers. Everything was done manually and the efficiency of every system was accordingly slow. Movies were exclusive to cinemas and the world depended on conventional televisions with now forgotten Video Cassette Recorder (VCR) for their home entertainment. For the year 1978, the Walkman was equivalent to the launch of a revolutionary product introducing its own category; just like the year 2010 is known as the year of the iPad (Francoeur 1).  With the development of new technology over time, our productive capabilities as well as our lifestyle have changed. We may not realize the transition because we have been a part of it and passing along wit h every development. But if we take a look down the memory lane and remember our lifestyles decades ago, we realize that we have come a long way and changed without realizing much. Technology has not only improved in entertainment sector as with the development from a Sony Walkman to smart phones we use today, but this change can be applied to every field. Resultantly, our lifestyles have changed with technology. We have more options to choose as to how we spend our leisure time and how we can improve our efficiency in work. This increase in efficiency has accelerated the rate of our learning and developing new technologies and innovations in every sector. Health, education, military and every field that we look at has come a long way. With the technology we have changed and the way we interact with each other has changed as well. The technology has improved our lifestyles in some ways; however, it has negative effects as well. These effects are not minor and they have changed us gr adually over time. We may not realize it, but this change in our behavior is at a very large scale. We can only comprehend the magnitude by comparing it with our values decades ago. Some of the negative effects of technology are highlighted; Technology has improved communications. Mobile phones has given us the capability to call our friends and loved ones any time we want. It provides us with limited interaction with our friends. Video calling is available through our mobile devices and computers. The technology has no doubt provided us with easy access to each other at all times. Our devices are our connection with the world. It all sounds good in theory and has made things easier. But, in reality our devices have replaced our friends. We only meet and interact with our contacts through our devices. The need for physical interaction has become a low priority. Physical interactions have reduced and our devices are our new best friends. We now prefer to stay at our homes and spend t ime with our entertainment systems. As a result, our social activities and interactions have changed and are being affected in a negative way. Face to face communication has decreased and has negative effect on our societies and behavior. Lack of this interaction has decreased personal growth. As per Wier, personalities have started to change over time and we see increase in numbers of introvert human beings (184). This is simply due to the fact that we need social interactions for our

Problems Associated of a Common Currency as Illustrated by the Current Essay

Problems Associated of a Common Currency as Illustrated by the Current EU Crisis - Essay Example Similarly, it has been a key achievement in that about 330 million European Union populations utilize it as their currency and benefit from its advantages. Although the use of a common currency may be beneficial to member states, it may have some various shortcomings. For instance, experts agree that there are various challenges associated with the use of a unified currency – as Eurozone member states are learning. Even though, the first few years of using a common currency went impressively, breaks have started appearing on the Eurozone as the global crisis intensifies, (Gabrisch and Ru?diger, 45). The original objective of the Euro was to enhance the overall economic productivity of the European countries, as fragile, minority nations had changed to be increasingly competitive. On the contrary, fragile nation enjoyed increased purchasing supremacy without the need of producing extensive products and services. Similarly, overall growth of productivity reduced in Europe from a bout 1.7 yearly prior to the euro to half the cost since. Additionally, euro suffers from the disintegrated political authority that controls its economy. Each member state can issue it independent debt; the euro is beneficial and useful in about 16 diverse bond markets, (Horngren, Srikant and Madhav 63). Similarly, each economy designs its own expenditure policies and tax; some nations now experience debts greater than their GDP. Similarly, while the counties have been exempted from the currency fluctuations impacts, euro states now experience a diverse – sometimes extremely painful – effect from the global investors’ whims. Borrowing costs in increasingly obligated nations such as Spain and Portugal are increasingly advanced than of Germany that has accrued the enormous pile of savings. In addition, these nations experience diverse painful choices that they did not have to address in the past when they could devaluate their domestic currency. For instance, Ita ly experiences some stark options, which continue to mess up with the economic growth of the country. Italy contemplates on whether to boost productivity by reducing wages, or leave the euro and devaluate national debts and design its local currency, (Grauwe 89). However, pursuing such decisions would make the situation extremely difficult for Italy to borrow. Some euro nations with extensive debts experience downward spirals as these debts deepen costs leading to increased tax or low spending. Reducing future costs of borrowing implies increasing productivity – via either layoffs or reduction of wage or both. None of these options is likely to receive much support by the day of election. A common currency enhances reduced and steady inflation, stability in the rate of exchange and strong public finance between members of European Union. For instance, some Eurozone nations have reported experiencing financial crisis because of shared currency. Additionally, experts agree that Euro was designed on the basis on a false premise that a common currency would result to unification of economic performance among members. For instance, Greece would resemble Germany and Portugal would resemble Finland. In fact, the creation of Euro has resulted to intensification of the gap between developed and developing nations as

Obamacare, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Essay

Obamacare, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act - Essay Example One of the benefits accruing from the Act is with regards to the fact that it offers an extension of Medicaid’s eligibility in 26 states for up to 138% for the poverty level in the federal hence making it possible for most of Americans to have access to health care. Whether a citizen gets a health insurance coverage for themselves or whether it is done by their employees, the Act abolishes actions that leave citizens without insurance covers when they need them the most. No person gets left out based on their gender or even color. No canceling of policies Unlike before, an insurer cannot come forward and cancel a policy the moment one falls sick on claims that one had made a mistake when taking out the policy. The act of canceling is what is referred to a recession. If an applicant made an honest mistake while taking out the policy, their policy cannot, later on, be canceled on that very ground the instance they fall ill. Appeals When someone feels aggrieved by a decision that an insurance company has reached regarding their policy, they have a right to go ahead and apply for an appeal. The applicant makes the said appeal to a neutral or rather an independent reviewer who checks into their application and delivers a sound verdict in that regard. The response given by the independent reviewer is delivered within 72 hours when the medical condition is urgent in nature. No limited insurances Treatment for some illnesses can consume a lot of time and finances hence accumulating big medical bills.

The Theory Underpinning One Intervention With A Dually Diagnosed Client Nursing Essay

The Theory Underpinning One Intervention With A Dually Diagnosed Client Nursing Essay Dual diagnosis has been described as one of the most significant problems facing the health services (Phillips et al 2010). The term was first used in America in the 1980s and in its most basic elements describes someone who has a combination of a mental illness and substance misuse problem. Dually diagnosed patients are often frequent users of emergency services and of in-patient care (Bartels et al 1993). There is also a much higher rate of offending and imprisonment amongst this group (Yesavage and Zarcone 1983 cited in Menezes et al (1996). Yesvage and Zarcone cited in Menezes (1996) believe that alcohol and drug misuse interact with the symptoms of psychotic illness to produce a more severe acute illness. Due to the complication of treatment approach recovery is often slower than a psychotic episode uncomplicated by substance abuse. This places a great burden on resources and staff (Drake et al 1993), which is corroborated by the London survey (Menezes et al 1996) discovering on average that this group of patients spends almost twice as much time in hospital than those without a substance misuse problem. Clients with the most severe psychiatric disorders tend to have the highest rates of co-occurring substance use disorders (Drake 2007). It has been well documented that the co-existence of severe mental health and substance misuse problems are common (Regier et al 1990; Krausz et al 1996; Menezes et al 1996 cited in Graham 2003). Prevalence figures vary across studies however the latest study by Weldon and Ritchie (2010) estimate the lifetime prevalence rate of substance abuse amongst persons with severe mental illness at 50%, which is 4.6 times higher than that of the general population (Blanchard et al 2000). One of the challenges of mental health providers is how best to meet the needs of this group of clients (Graham 2003). The most recent government guidance is one of integrated treatment whereby the treatment for drug and alcohol problems are provided primarily within mental health services, integrating this with the treatment of mental health problems (DoH 2002). This is to be provided by one team and involves a flexible combination of treatments targeting the specific needs of those diagnosed with co-morbid severe mental illness and substance misuse (Horsfall 2009). Researchers and clinicians have developed a number of interventions that combine, or integrate mental health and substance abuse interventions (Drake et al 2007). An example of one element of integrated treatment is Cognitive- Behavioural Integrated Treatment (Graham and Carnwath 2004). C-bit incorporates an integrated approach with personalised formulation to deliver improved treatment outcomes to dual diagnosis patients. The focus of this essay will be on the use of C-bit (Graham and Carnwath 2004) and its application with a client who has been has been diagnosed with schizophrenia and alcohol problems. For the purpose of this essay and confidentiality his name has been changed to David. C-bit can be split into 4 distinct phases, Engagement and Building motivation, Negotiating some behaviour change, Early relapse prevention Relapse management. The essay will concentrate on negotiating behavioural change and what this entails. The author will then compare its effectiveness with an alternative approach. An introduction to C-Bit Hermine Graham (2004) describes C-bit as a psychological multi-purpose tool designed specifically for people with both a mental illness and a problematic substance misuse. It was developed from CBT which had a strong evidence base for mental health (Grant et al 2004) and substance use problems (Conrod and Stewart 2005). The evidence base of CBIT in dual diagnosis remains poor as studies have tended to focus on engagement and building motivation as appose to the maintenance of change that CBIT encompasses (Callaghan and Jones 2010). However early studies would suggest that the skilful use of analysis, disputing cognitions and homework assignments improve the skills required to promote abstinence including self-efficacy in finding, establishing and maintaining appropriate support networks (Rassool 2002). CBIT follows the cognitive model and treatment approach (Graham 1998, 2003). A clients beliefs about substance misuse are often linked to their own experience of mental health problems. David would often say in therapy that the side effects of his anti-psychotic medication made him feel over sedated and this had a knock on effect in social situations. He found that alcohol improved this and allowed him to integrate better in social situations. By continuing to use alcohol it was maintaining a negative maintenance cycle. Graham (2004) identifies three key aims of CBIT with dual diagnosis patients. The first concentrates on client and therapist identifying and challenging unrealistic beliefs about substance misuse and substituting them with alternatives that aim to break negative maintenance cycles. The second facilitates an understanding of the link between substance misuse and mental health problems and thirdly CBIT aims to give the client the ability to self-manage substance misuse and recognise the early signs of relapse. Although there are 4 distinct steps in treatment approach the flexibility of the treatment means a client does not need to progress through them all. The harm reduction philosophy that underpins the intervention (Heather et al 1993) puts more emphasis on a client setting more realistic goals and achieving these. Although flexibility is a key asset of CBIT it would be wrong to assume there was no structure to therapy sessions. In later sessions especially, before commencing a sess ion client and therapist must set an agenda to discuss which ensures key areas are discussed (Graham 2004). In practice, teams trained in the use of CBIT tend to use the general principle of the approach rather than the distinct components or techniques (Graham et al 2006). The author believes this shows the flexibility of the therapy and therapists and clients find what proves useful to them . Graham et al (2006) also discovered that when trained members of the team used various assets of CBIT, engagement increased, alcohol intake was reduced and a reduction in alcohol-related beliefs. The study however noticed similar findings when the client had been seen by teams that had not yet received CBIT training suggesting that CBIT alone was not responsible for the change in behaviour and belief. However, qualitative information recorded from the teams staff suggested that treatment integration increased over the course of the study, and that CBIT was a useful tool for integrating planning substance misuse treatment. Qualitative information from the team managers suggested that CBIT training i mproved the ability of teams to address substance use by themselves, rather than avoiding substance issues referring clients to specialists. Achievable Goal setting Following treatment phase one the client will be able to identify some of the negative effects of substance misuse. David could recognise the negative effect that alcohol use had on his ability to find any form of employment and how he had no real supportive social network besides drinking companions. Graham (2004) highlights that in treatment phase two it is probably too early for a client to consider complete abstinence. David was beginning to make links with the amount he drank and the negative effects he was having. Due to this he negotiated with the therapist that he would reduce his alcohol input by stopping all spirits but remaining on his strong lager. This follows the harm reduction philosophy that there are several levels in which change can occur that would reduce the negative impact it causes to the client. David identified his long-term goal as eventually getting some form of employment. Following treatment phase one David was able to see the impact excessive impact alco hol was having on his ability to make appointments on time (if at all), and how this would have a negative effect on any chance of employment. Graham (2004) suggests that for a client to get to this long-term goal a series of short term harm reducing steps need to be identified by the client in therapy that will in-turn have a positive impact upon his life. David had already agreed to stop drinking spirits but further steps included reducing contact with fellow drinkers, attending all appointments on time, getting his body back into a work routine. These steps would move David closer to the eventual long term goal and give him the belief that this was achievable. The therapist found that the use of the recovery star was a useful tool with aiding the client identify and plan how to achieve these goals. The recovery star helps both client and therapist measure change and visually see progress made. At times when David struggled to achieve goals it provided an opportunity for discussio n on how to change the approach. David found the tool useful in between sessions where he could refer back to past successes to give him the confidence to continue. On reflective sessions what proved important for David was to identify and discuss possible obstacles that he may experience in trying to achieve his goals and to recognise that if things do not go as planned it should not be automatically assumed to be a failure. Simmons and Griffith (2009) believe that there is never a failure but an opportunity to learn and do things differently. Behavioural Experiments By treatment phase two of CBIT the client will have identified an unhelpful thought, the nature of which will be maintaining a negative maintenance cycle. David had begun to plan harm reduction goals to reduce the negative aspects of his substance misuse however there was clearly some situations he was avoiding, and some underlying maladaptive thoughts there were perpetuating his problems. To address this the therapist and David discussed and designed a Behavioural Experiment. Beck (1995) believes that BEs strengthen an intellectual belief by helping the client test out alternative beliefs and thoughts in practice in order to gain evidence to discover the validity of a belief . Beck (1979) believed through altering behaviour a cognitive change occurs. BEs are significant as a means of explicitly targeting belief change through experience and as such offer prime opportunities for sustained therapeutic change (Padesky 2004). David held the belief that if he did not drink alcohol he wou ld appear boring and no-one would have any time for him. For this reason when David was going to be in the company of anyone he would drink excessively, therefore getting intoxicated became a safety behaviour. By allowing a client to see what will happen if they drop safety behaviour and then testing out what actually happens in that situation proves to be a powerful challenge to unhelpful assumptions (Whitfield and Davidson 2007). Sloan and Telch (2002) support this view adding that experiments target safety behaviours result in significantly greater changes than exposure alone. Safety behaviour may seem helpful and protective to a client but can lead to maintenance cycles of maladaptive processes perpetuating the initial belief. If a threat is not disconfirmed the maladaptive cognition continues (Salkovskis 1991, Sloan and Telch 2000, Clark 1989, Salkovski et al 1998). The notion of experimentation, derived from scientific principles, can be applied to the patients experience of t he therapeutic process and it is this active experience which can be so meaningful; the validity of a new cognition being generally more memorable when followed through from conceptualisation to active experience (Westbrook 2007). Once the evidence contradicts the initial belief it allows the client and therapist to explore the validity of new more adaptive beliefs (Westbrook et al 2007). David and the therapist designed an experiment in which he would limit his alcohol approach and would then engage in general conversation in his local pub. Initial experiments gave David the confidence to build on further experiment supporting the work of Bennett-levy (2004) who believe early experiments increase confidence and independence BEs can be active, where the patient takes the lead role in either real or simulated situations to test the validity of thoughts, or observational, where data is gathered. Lewin and Kolb propose a learning cycle in which it suggests that for learning and retenti on to be enhanced the client must build upon knowledge and understanding gained through the experiment which in turn forms a foundation for the next step of the experiment. (Lewin 1946; Kolb 1984). The five key aspects of this learning cycle, Experience, Observation, Reflection, Planning and then further experiment underpins BE work. Establishing supportive social networks In the field of substance misuse social factors are seen as important in the onset, aetiology and maintenance of substance misuse (Graham 2004). David recognised that as his alcohol intake increased the friends he associated with were also using alcohol regularly. This supports the work of Drake (2004) who identified that clients with both severe mental health problems and substance misuse problems would have social networks of solely fellow substance users. David felt increasingly isolated from anyone outside of this network as his behaviour would draw attention towards himself. Trumbetta et al (1999) suggest that for anyone to make changes in substance misuse they need to reduce contact with such peers. Healthier networks need to be formed which provide positive support where there is excessive substance misuse is not the norm (Drake 1993a). David identified his sister as someone who was willing to and who he would like as a supportive person away from mental health services. In cr isis David could contact his sister who could give him some level of support. Graham (2004) emphasises the importance of working closely with family members as they often know very little about dual diagnosis problems. David was only close with his sister. The rest of his family had isolated him due to his substance misuse. Ideally psycho-education information is often given in the group setting as family members may benefit from the experience and support of fellow members (Graham 2004). Davids sister became a key figure in Davids recovery and was encouraged to attend sessions on psycoeducation so she could best understand the problems associated with dual diagnosis clients and how best she could support David. Limitations of its use Prochaska and DiClemente (1992) recognised certain barriers to treatment for dual diagnosis patients in regards to therapeutic engagement, treatment continuance and goal setting. In the case of CBIT it makes assumptions of a certain level of coping skills and ability to facilitate cognitive change. Symptoms of schizophrenia can inhibit a clients impetus to change behaviour (Horsfall et al 2009). Negative symptoms which have a negative effect on motivation and energy affects individuals internal drive to initiate the complex behavioural routines needed for abstinence (Ballack and DiClemente 1999). An integrated treatment approach incorporating CBIT does not make dramatic changes in the short term, it is a long term therapy. Evidence based studies are always plagued by attrition rates as clients relapse or do not return to the study. This may suggest that CBIT may suffer from the same poor treatment compliance/attendance. For clients who complete a full programme of treatment 10-20 per cent achieves a stable remission of their substance use problems per year (Graham 2004). This seems a low figure for the intensive input required on the part of the therapist and client. Bellack and Gearon (1998) believe the therapist must become tolerant of this client group dropping in and out of therapy and abstaining then relapsing. Davids attendance was at times sporadic but the therapist never criticised him for this but used it as a platform for discussing problems experienced through the week. Drake et al (2001) suggests the importance of assertive outreach teams in retaining clients within programmes. Hellerstein et al (1995) cited in Philips et al (2010) highlight that without this input dropout rates may be high, especially amongst those identified as having difficulties participating in treatment. Alternative approaches The evidence base for dual diagnosis is still in its infancy. Those studies completed have limited generalisation due to methodological issues such as heterogeneous samples, equivocal descriptions of treatment components and high attrition rates (Weldon and Richie 2010). Horsfall et al (2009) recognises that due to a lack of longitudinal studies long term outcomes have yet to be determined. It also proves difficult to compare C-Bit with alternative interventions as C-Bit is not used in a vacuum it is often used in conjunction with other therapies such as pharmaceuticals of motivational interviewing. Kemp et al (2007) found a significant improvement in substance use in dual diagnosis patients when CBT and MI principle were combined. For the purpose of this essay the author will briefly look at one main alternative approach to dual diagnosis, that of motivational interviewing. Motivational interviewing Treasure (2004) describes MI as a patient centred counselling approach that facilitates the patient in resolve and explore ambivalence about behaviour change. The theory of MI centres on the cycle of change and its six components, precontemplation, contemplation, decision, action, maintenance of change and relapse. Miller and Rollnick (1994) describes motivation as something that one does as appose to something that one has. Empathy is vital in the therapeutic relationship and the use of MI. If the client believes the therapist has no appreciation of their experience they are likely to dis-engage or not fully commit to therapy. Rassool (2002) believes active listening also has an important role in MI. Reflecting back to the client their thoughts, fears, hopes and doubts give a feeling of genuineness, trust and empathy. In MI it is important not to offer advice , give judgement or attempt to question. The reason for behavioural change should be acknowledged and stated by the client. M I proves an effective therapy in dual diagnosis if delivered effectively. The therapist needs to avoid confrontation as this will lead to client denial, the role of the therapist as expert proves counter-productive and structured answer formats will inhibit the client in recognising the effects of their substance misuse. Motivational styles that guide a client in discovering alternative ways of thinking about their problems results in positive change (Miller and Rollnick 1991). By combining elements of style and technique MI has proven successful in dual diagnosis patients and has a developing evidence base. It proves difficult to contrast MI with CBIT as both complement each other so well and have similar approaches. Both are based on a collaborative relationship with clients, both incorporate a non-judgemental approach and both are approaches are built on empathy, warmth, trust and positive regard (Rogers, 1991). Both approaches also incorporate socratic questioning techniques encouraging the client to discover alternative meanings of their experience (Padesky and Greenberger 1995). One of the key differences is when it is best to use either technique. Those following a transtheoretical model of change may use MI when the client remains undecided about change in the precontemplation and contemplation stage whereas CBIT can be adopted when the client is more committed to change (Treasure 2004). This would support the work of Drake et al (2001) who after studying the work of a number of researchers believe that to enhance attendance and utilisation of treatment motivation interventions a re important. Conclusion The research on the impact of CBIT as a therapeutic intervention is still in its infancy. Some anecdotal evidence would suggest it provides the skills necessary to promote abstinence (Rassool 2002). Qualitative information gained from Grahams (2006) study suggests CBIT proved a useful tool for integrating and planning substance misuse. Due to the complex nature of dual diagnosis it seems unlikely that a single intervention will have the desired effect of meeting all the clients needs. Kemp (2007) supports this finding an improvement in substance misuse when MI and CBIT were combined. Due to this there has been a shift towards the integration of interventions delivered by mainstream mental health services (DOH 2002, 2006;Rassool 2002; Ziedonis et al. 2005). Some of the strongest treatment effects have come from combining a number of approaches (Barrowclough et al 2001; Bellacket et al. 2006).

Essay --

Vivian Nguyen Amicangelo 8Celtics 22 February 2014 JOSEPH STALIN Joseph Stalin was a man who many people had mixed feelings for. Some say he was a dictator and a tyrant, but others say that as a ruler, he shaped Russia and pushed it in the right direction. Both sides are correct, and there are many examples to back them up. Stalin did accomplish benefiting Russia‘s image, but he was a man who killed many. Stalin was born as Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (later became Joseph Stalin) on December 18, 1879 and his parents were Besarion Jughashvili (father) and Ketevan Geladze (mother). When he was young, his father, Beso, had beaten his mother and him several times. They had a troublesome marriage and often argued about Stalin’s future. His mother wanted him to be a priest because she thought he was smart, so she did everything to get him a good education. His father wanted him to be a cobbler, and said that since he [Stalin’s father] was a cobbler, Stalin would follow the family job and become a cobbler. Fortunately, Stalin‘s mother defeated her husband and she even humiliated him. Stalin ended up doing what his mother wanted-- for a while (Radzinsky 17-31). Stalin is a very interesting man who always changed how he thought of everybody (he also called himself Stalin because â€Å"stalin† means steel) (Montefiore 30 â€Å"Young Stalinâ€Å").He had a huge effect on Russia; in a bad way. When Stalin used to work with Lenin and Trotsky, it wasn’t a competition of who was the best and who should control the country of Russia, but then it all changed. After that, he got people to turn against them and got rid of t... ...lowing him. Another reason was identity. Napoleon only represented Stalin, and that really brought out his characteristics. Since Napoleon was meant to represent Stalin, all of Stalin’s traits, most of his bad deeds, and events occurred in the book. For example, in Animal Farm, Orwell made Snowball seem smarter than Napoleon, but made Napoleon more powerful. This is true in real life because Lenin was a lot more educated than Stalin, but Stalin ended up with the power (Radinsky 97) Although Stalin had been tyrannical and crazy, he made Russia seem stronger, and is still seen as a good person today. Many people look at him like he was a murderous person, but other look at him as the man who made Russia better. He was a great leader, in a way, but that only depends on what the Russians believed in, and whether or not they (or someone they know) worked for Stalin. Essay -- Vivian Nguyen Amicangelo 8Celtics 22 February 2014 JOSEPH STALIN Joseph Stalin was a man who many people had mixed feelings for. Some say he was a dictator and a tyrant, but others say that as a ruler, he shaped Russia and pushed it in the right direction. Both sides are correct, and there are many examples to back them up. Stalin did accomplish benefiting Russia‘s image, but he was a man who killed many. Stalin was born as Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (later became Joseph Stalin) on December 18, 1879 and his parents were Besarion Jughashvili (father) and Ketevan Geladze (mother). When he was young, his father, Beso, had beaten his mother and him several times. They had a troublesome marriage and often argued about Stalin’s future. His mother wanted him to be a priest because she thought he was smart, so she did everything to get him a good education. His father wanted him to be a cobbler, and said that since he [Stalin’s father] was a cobbler, Stalin would follow the family job and become a cobbler. Fortunately, Stalin‘s mother defeated her husband and she even humiliated him. Stalin ended up doing what his mother wanted-- for a while (Radzinsky 17-31). Stalin is a very interesting man who always changed how he thought of everybody (he also called himself Stalin because â€Å"stalin† means steel) (Montefiore 30 â€Å"Young Stalinâ€Å").He had a huge effect on Russia; in a bad way. When Stalin used to work with Lenin and Trotsky, it wasn’t a competition of who was the best and who should control the country of Russia, but then it all changed. After that, he got people to turn against them and got rid of t... ...lowing him. Another reason was identity. Napoleon only represented Stalin, and that really brought out his characteristics. Since Napoleon was meant to represent Stalin, all of Stalin’s traits, most of his bad deeds, and events occurred in the book. For example, in Animal Farm, Orwell made Snowball seem smarter than Napoleon, but made Napoleon more powerful. This is true in real life because Lenin was a lot more educated than Stalin, but Stalin ended up with the power (Radinsky 97) Although Stalin had been tyrannical and crazy, he made Russia seem stronger, and is still seen as a good person today. Many people look at him like he was a murderous person, but other look at him as the man who made Russia better. He was a great leader, in a way, but that only depends on what the Russians believed in, and whether or not they (or someone they know) worked for Stalin.